Los conectores discursivos son
adverbios y conjunciones que ayudan a relacionar las diferentes ideas que
constituyen un texto o una intervención oral. Se trata de relaciones
temporales, de causa y efecto, de contraste y de comparación, etc. En la
lección de hoy dedicaremos tiempo a estas “pequeñas” palabras que nos permiten
articular nuestro discurso y transmitir nuestro mensaje con claridad.
Los conectores en inglés se
agrupan en diferentes categorías. En cada categoría distinguiremos entre
los conectores más habituales y los de registro formal:
1. Conectores que indican la secuenciación de las
ideas o de los argumentos:
·
Registro
neutro: first, then, next, at the same time, finally, in the end
First, watching TV every day is bad for your
eyes. Second, watching TV is really a waste of time.
·
Registro
formal: firstly, secondly, thirdly, simultaneously, subsequently, lastly
Subsequently, the disease spread to the rest of
the village.
2. Conectores para añadir información o argumentos
a una afirmación anterior:
·
Registro
neutro: and, also / too, besides, what is more, as well
I don’t have a mobile phone. What is more, I
totally dislike modern technology.
·
Registro
formal: moreover, in addition, furthermore
He has been appointed Prime Minister.
Furthermore, this popularity with the voters is at its highest.
3. Conectores para expresar un contraste con una
afirmación anterior:
·
Registro
neutro: although, though, even though, however, despite, inspite of, but
I was tired. However, I went jogging.
·
Registro
formal: on the one hand / on the other hand, by contrast, nevertheless,
nonetheless, on the contrary, yet
On the one hand, children eat lots of sweets. On
the other hand, they do not do enough exercise to burn those extra calories.
4. Conectores para corregir o dar otro enfoque a
una afirmación anterior:
·
Registro
neutro: actually, in fact
The weather was awful. Actually, it rained every
day.
·
Registro
formal: as a matter of fact, in reality
I didn’t pass the exam. As a matter of fact, I
failed with the lowest mark in the class.
5. Conectores para introducir ejemplos o
especificaciones:
·
Registro
neutro: such as, like, this means that, namely
Paintings by Impressionist artist such as Manet
and Monet can be seen in the Orsay Museum in Paris.
·
Registro
formal: for example, for instance, that is to say, in other words
We cannot continue losing money. That is to say,
unless we start making profit soon, we will be out of business by the end of
the year.
6. Conectores para indicar el resultado o las
consecuencias de algo:
·
Registro
neutro: so, consequently, as a result
They have hired new teachers and consequently
they can offer new classes.
·
Registro
formal: therefore, thus, hence, thereby, accordingly
The evidence has disappeared. Thus, it will be impossible
for the police to continue their investigation.
7. Conectores para concluir:
·
Registro
neutro: to sum up, in short, briefly
To sum up, we need to take urgent measures
against corruption in our party.
·
Registro
formal: in conclusion, in summary
In conclusion, today’s economic crisis is mostly
due to financial speculation.
2. CONECTORES LINGÜÍSTICO EN INGLÉS POR CATEGORÍAS
2.1. Hablando sobre el presente, la actualidad
- Hoy en día: Nowadays
- Actualmente: Currently, at present, at the present time, now, these days, in this day and age
2.2. Hablando sobre el pasado
- Hace mucho tiempo: A long time ago
- En la antiguedad: In ancient times
- Hace poco tiempo: Not long ago
- En tiempos pasados: In former times
- Antiguamente: Formerly
- En los viejos tiempos: In the old days
2.3. Dando un ejemplo o una razón adicional
- Además: in addition, what’s more, besides, furthermore, moreover
- Además de esto: Besides this
- También: Also, besides
- Es más: Moreover
- Lo que es más: What’s more
2.4. Diciendo la verdad
- Para decir la verdad, para ser sincero: To tell the truth
- En realidad, a decir verdad: In fact
- Realmente, en realidad: Actually*
2.5. Dando información en contra de las expectativas
- Sin embargo, no obstante: However, nevertheless, all the same, still
- Aún así: Even so
- A pesar de que, a pesar de todo: notwithstanding, all the same, still, regardless
2.6. Mostrando el lado positivo y negativo de un asunto
- Afortunadamente, por fortuna: Fortunately, happily
- Felizmente, alegremente: Happily
- Desafortunadamente, desgraciadamente: Unfortunately, sadly
- Tristemente: Sadly
2.7. Aportando similitudes y diferencias
- Igualmente: Likewise
- Del mismo modo: In the same way, similarly
- Por otra parte, por otro lado: On the other hand, in contrast
- De todos modos: Anyway
2.8. Declarando que algo es cierto o probablemente cierto
- Obviamente, evidentemente: Obviously
- Indudablemente: Undoubtedly
- Seguramente: Surely
- Verdaderamente, en realidad, en efecto: Indeed
- Claramente, aparenetemente, al parecer: Apparently
- Posiblemente: Possibly
2.9. Mostrando una conclusión, consecuencia o un resultado directo
- Por lo tanto, por consiguiente: Therefore
- Consecuentemente, por consiguiente: Consequently
- En consecuencia, así: Thus, as a result
Copulativos: and, not only … but also …,
not only … but … as well, both … and …, no sooner … than
Disyuntivos: or, either … or …, neither … nor …, whether … or …, else, otherwise Condicionales: if, whether, unless, provided, providing, as long as, in case, in case of Concesivos: although, though, even though, even if, despite, in spite of, not even if, regardless of
Disyuntivos: or, either … or …, neither … nor …, whether … or …, else, otherwise Condicionales: if, whether, unless, provided, providing, as long as, in case, in case of Concesivos: although, though, even though, even if, despite, in spite of, not even if, regardless of
Conclusivos: therefore, hence, thus, so,
consequently
Continuativos: then, moreover, furthermore,
besides, in addition to
Adversativos: but, however, nonetheless,
yet, still, on the other hand, instead, instead of, on the contrary
Causales: because, for, because of, as a
result of, due to, owing to, since, as Comparativos: as, as … as …, not as … as …,
not so … as …, just as … so …, as if, as though
Funcionales: so, so that, so as to, so as
not to, in order to
actually:
en realidad, exactamente
although: aunque, a pesar de
and: y
as: como, tal como
as... as...: tan … como
beacuse: porque, a causa de
because of: debido a
both … and …: tanto … como …
but: pero
consequently: por consiguiente
finally: al fin, finalmente
for: ya que, pues
however: no obstante, ahora bien
if: si
in adittion to: además
in case of: en caso de
in order to: con el fin de
just as … so …: así como...
like: como
maybe: quizás, a lo mejor
moreover: además
not only … but also …: no sólo … sino que también …
now: ahora bien
on the other hand: por otro lado
on time: a tiempo
only: sólo que
or: o, ni
otherwise: de otro modo
perhaps: quizás
really: realmente
since: ya que, puesto que
so that: a fin de que
so then: por tanto
so: tan, así que
still: no obstante, todavía
then: entonces, luego
therefore: por lo tanto
unless: a menos que
until: hasta que
while: mientras que, en tanto que
yet: sin embargo
although: aunque, a pesar de
and: y
as: como, tal como
as... as...: tan … como
beacuse: porque, a causa de
because of: debido a
both … and …: tanto … como …
but: pero
consequently: por consiguiente
finally: al fin, finalmente
for: ya que, pues
however: no obstante, ahora bien
if: si
in adittion to: además
in case of: en caso de
in order to: con el fin de
just as … so …: así como...
like: como
maybe: quizás, a lo mejor
moreover: además
not only … but also …: no sólo … sino que también …
now: ahora bien
on the other hand: por otro lado
on time: a tiempo
only: sólo que
or: o, ni
otherwise: de otro modo
perhaps: quizás
really: realmente
since: ya que, puesto que
so that: a fin de que
so then: por tanto
so: tan, así que
still: no obstante, todavía
then: entonces, luego
therefore: por lo tanto
unless: a menos que
until: hasta que
while: mientras que, en tanto que
yet: sin embargo
Copulativos
and, not only … but also …, not only … but … as well, both … and …, no sooner … than
Disyuntivos
or, either … or …, neither … nor …, whether … or …, else, otherwise
Condicionales
if, whether, unless, provided, providing, as long as, in case, in case of
Concesivos
although, though, even though, even if, despite, in spite of, not even if, regardless of
Conclusivos
therefore, hence, thus, so, consequently
Continuativos
then, moreover, furthermore, besides, in addition to
Adversativos
but, however, nonetheless, yet, still, on the other hand, instead, instead of, on the contrary
Causales
because, for, because of, as a result of, due to, owing to, since, as
Comparativos
as, as … as …, not as … as …, not so … as …, just as … so …, as if, as though
Funcionales
so, so that, so as to, so as not to, in order to
and, not only … but also …, not only … but … as well, both … and …, no sooner … than
Disyuntivos
or, either … or …, neither … nor …, whether … or …, else, otherwise
Condicionales
if, whether, unless, provided, providing, as long as, in case, in case of
Concesivos
although, though, even though, even if, despite, in spite of, not even if, regardless of
Conclusivos
therefore, hence, thus, so, consequently
Continuativos
then, moreover, furthermore, besides, in addition to
Adversativos
but, however, nonetheless, yet, still, on the other hand, instead, instead of, on the contrary
Causales
because, for, because of, as a result of, due to, owing to, since, as
Comparativos
as, as … as …, not as … as …, not so … as …, just as … so …, as if, as though
Funcionales
so, so that, so as to, so as not to, in order to
a corto plazo: as soon
as possible
a decir verdad: actually; in fact; to tell the truth
a deshora: at an unusual time; very late
a diario: day in day out; everyday
a fin de cuentas: finally
a intervalos: on and off
a la intemperie: in the open air; out of doors
al fin: at last
a la vez: at the same time
a lo mejor: maybe; perhaps
a mi parecer: in my opinion
a pesar de: despite; in spite of
a pesar de todo: all the same; despite everything
a tiempo: just in time; on time
a título de ejemplo: as an example; by way of example
a título de información: by way of information
a toda costa: at all costs
a todas luces: anyway you look at it; clearly; evidently; obviously
a través: trough
a través de los tiempos: through the ages
a última hora: at the eleventh hour; at the last minute; at the last moment
a veces: at times; sometimes
a última hora: at the last moment
actualmente: currently
además: in addition; moreover
al azar: at random
al fin: finally; in the end; in conclussion
al parecer: apparently
al principio: at the begginning; ath the start
al revés: backwards
ambos (ninguno): both (neither)
ante mí: in my presence
ante todo: above all; before all else
antes: before; earlier; previously
aparentemente: apparently
a parte de esto: apart from this
así: as; thus
así y todo: and yet; just the same
aún: still
aún así: even so
aunque: although; even though
aunque no lo parezca: incredible as it may seem
aunque parece extraño: curiosly enough
aunque sea cierto / verdad: although this may be true
a decir verdad: actually; in fact; to tell the truth
a deshora: at an unusual time; very late
a diario: day in day out; everyday
a fin de cuentas: finally
a intervalos: on and off
a la intemperie: in the open air; out of doors
al fin: at last
a la vez: at the same time
a lo mejor: maybe; perhaps
a mi parecer: in my opinion
a pesar de: despite; in spite of
a pesar de todo: all the same; despite everything
a tiempo: just in time; on time
a título de ejemplo: as an example; by way of example
a título de información: by way of information
a toda costa: at all costs
a todas luces: anyway you look at it; clearly; evidently; obviously
a través: trough
a través de los tiempos: through the ages
a última hora: at the eleventh hour; at the last minute; at the last moment
a veces: at times; sometimes
a última hora: at the last moment
actualmente: currently
además: in addition; moreover
al azar: at random
al fin: finally; in the end; in conclussion
al parecer: apparently
al principio: at the begginning; ath the start
al revés: backwards
ambos (ninguno): both (neither)
ante mí: in my presence
ante todo: above all; before all else
antes: before; earlier; previously
aparentemente: apparently
a parte de esto: apart from this
así: as; thus
así y todo: and yet; just the same
aún: still
aún así: even so
aunque: although; even though
aunque no lo parezca: incredible as it may seem
aunque parece extraño: curiosly enough
aunque sea cierto / verdad: although this may be true
bajo ningún concepto:
not at all; on no account
bajo ningún motivo: on no account; under no circumstances
bajo todos los conceptos: from every point of view; in every respect
bueno: well
bajo ningún motivo: on no account; under no circumstances
bajo todos los conceptos: from every point of view; in every respect
bueno: well
asi: almost
cerca: near; nearly
ciertamente: certainly
claramente: clearly
como: like
como consecuencia: as a result
como corresponde: as is only fair
como ejemplo: as an example
como quiera que sea: however it be; in any case
como remate: to top it all
como resultado: as a result
como se dice: as the saying goes
como si dijéramos: as it were; so to speak
como último recurso: as a last resort
como sea: at all costs
completamente: absolutely
completamente de acuerdo: absolutely
con buen fin: with good intentions
con detenimiento: at length
con efecto: actually; in effect; really
con el tiempo: in the course of time; in time; with time
con esa finalidad: to that end
con ese fin: to that end; with that end in view
con ese motivo: as a result
con este fin: for this purpose; to this end; with this aim
con este motivo: for this reason
con este propósito: for this purpose
con más motivo: even more so
con mayor razón: with all the more reason
con todo: after all; all in all; on the whole; still
consecuentemente: accordingly; consequently
contrario a: opposite
cuanto antes: as soon as possible
cueste lo que cueste: at all costs
cerca: near; nearly
ciertamente: certainly
claramente: clearly
como: like
como consecuencia: as a result
como corresponde: as is only fair
como ejemplo: as an example
como quiera que sea: however it be; in any case
como remate: to top it all
como resultado: as a result
como se dice: as the saying goes
como si dijéramos: as it were; so to speak
como último recurso: as a last resort
como sea: at all costs
completamente: absolutely
completamente de acuerdo: absolutely
con buen fin: with good intentions
con detenimiento: at length
con efecto: actually; in effect; really
con el tiempo: in the course of time; in time; with time
con esa finalidad: to that end
con ese fin: to that end; with that end in view
con ese motivo: as a result
con este fin: for this purpose; to this end; with this aim
con este motivo: for this reason
con este propósito: for this purpose
con más motivo: even more so
con mayor razón: with all the more reason
con todo: after all; all in all; on the whole; still
consecuentemente: accordingly; consequently
contrario a: opposite
cuanto antes: as soon as possible
cueste lo que cueste: at all costs
LA REDACCION DE INGLES ESPECIFICO
Hay que tener en cuenta que en la tercera parte
del examen de ingles especifico (production) lo unico que te piden es una
redaccion de aproximadamente 100 palabras.
Asi que nos hace falta un buen “mapa” para tener claro las frases
principales que no debemos olvidar y que nos van a ayudar a
comenzar las frases de la redaccion y llegar rapidamente a las 100 palabras que
nos piden.Un ejemplo sencillo de “mapa” seria algo asi como:
- PRESENTACION
- ARGUMENTACION
- CONCLUSION
“La importancia de leer”/ ” The
importance of reading”
- PRESENTACION
Otra forma seria: I would like to take advantage of the opportunity that I have today with this written exercise to talk about…
- ARGUMENTACION
From my personal point of view…there are a lot of reasons to say that reading is really important in these days, and I also think that …
The first one is…. blah blah blah.
The second one is…. blah blah blah.
At last… it develops our imagination, we adquire culture, to gain knowledge for example.
On the other hand, and to be honest about it, I would like to say that… blah blah blah.
- CONCLUSION
Otra serìa: Finally, and as a personal conclusion, I would not like to forget…
